Table 1 Current vaccines under development and their major antigen targets
Strategy | Construct | Developer | B and T cell responsesa | Clinical stage | Clinical trial identifier | First reported | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole virus | |||||||
Inactivated virus (PiCoVacc) | NA | Sinovac, with National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China | Induction of S-specific, RBD-specific and N-specific IgG, and nAbs in mice, rats and NHPs; no induction of either TH1 or TH2 cell responses in NHPs; induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in humans; no obvious vaccine-induced T cell responses in humans | Phase III | NCT04456595, 669/UN6.KEP/EC/2020, NCT04582344, NCT04617483 | 6 May 2020 | |
Inactivated virus | NA | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Sinopharm, with Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China | Induction of virus-specific IgG and nAbs in humans; no induction of either TH1 or TH2 cell responses in humans | Phase III | ChiCTR2000034780, ChiCTR2000039000, NCT04612972 | 13 Aug 2020 | |
Inactivated virus (BBIBP-CorV) | NA | Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Sinopharm, with Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China | Induction of nAbs in rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice, NHPs and humans; no induction of either TH1 or TH2 cell responses in NHPs | Phase III | ChiCTR2000034780, NCT04560881 | 6 Jun 2020 | |
Inactivated virus | NA | Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China | Induction of S-specific and N-specific IgG and nAbs in humans | Phase I/II | NCT04470609 | 9 Nov 2020 | |
S protein | |||||||
Virus vector (Ad5) | Full-length S | CanSino Biological Inc. with Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, China | Induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in humans; induction of TH1 cell responses | Phase III | NCT04526990, NCT04540419 | 22 May 2020 | |
Virus vector (ChAdOx1) | Full-length S | University of Oxford, with AstraZeneca, UK | Induction of S-specific IgG and nAbs in mice and NHPs; induction of high TH1 cell responses but low TH2 cell responses in mice; induction of S-specific IgG and nAbs in humans, with nAb titres similar to convalescent plasma | Phase III | ISRCTN89951424, NCT04516746, NCT04540393, CTRI/2020/08/027170 | 20 Jul 2020 | |
Virus vector (Ad26 and Ad5) | Full-length S | Gamaleya Research Institute, Russia | Induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in humans, with nAb titres similar to convalescent plasma; induction of IFNγ-associated T cell responses | Phase III | NCT04530396, NCT04564716, NCT04642339 | 4 Sep 2020 | |
DNA | Full-length S | Inovio Pharmaceuticals, with International Vaccine Institute, South Korea | Induction of S-specific, S1-specific and RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in mice, S-specific IgG and nAbs in guinea pigs; induction of IFNγ-associated T cell responses | Phase II | NCT04642638, ChiCTR2000040146 | 20 May 2020 | |
Protein subunit | Ectodomain of wild-type S in-frame fusion to trimer-tag | Clover Biopharmaceuticals, with GSK and Dynavax, China | Induction of S-trimer-binding antibodies and nAbs in mice and NHPs; induction of high TH1 cell responses but low TH2 cell responses in mice | Phase I | NCT04405908 | 21 Sep 2020 | |
S-2P | |||||||
LNP-mRNA | Full-length S with two proline substitutions (K986P and V987P) | Moderna, with National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, USA | Induction of S-specific IgG and nAbs in mice, NHPs and humans, with nAb titres higher than convalescent plasma; induction of high TH1 cell responses but low TH2 cell responses in mice, NHPs and humans | Phase III | NCT04470427 | 14 Jul 2020 | |
Full-length S with two proline substitutions (K986P and V987P) | BioNTech, with Fosun Pharma and Pfizer, Germany | Induction of S1-specific IgG and nAbs in humans, with nAb titres higher than convalescent plasma | Phase III | NCT04368728 | 20 Aug 2020 | ||
Protein subunit (CHO) | Full-length S with two proline substitutions (K986P and V987P) and three mutations at furin cleavage site (R682Q, R683Q and R685Q) | Novavax, USA | Induction of S-specific IgG and nAbs in mice, NHPs and humans, with nAb titres in humans higher than convalescent plasma; induction of high TH1 cell responses but low TH2 cell responses in mice, NHPs and humans | Phase III | 2020-004123-16, NCT04611802 | 30 Jun 2020 | |
Virus-vectored (Ad26) | Full-length S with two proline substitutions (K986P and V987P) and two mutations at furin cleavage site (R682S and R685G) | Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, USA | Induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in hamsters and NHPs; higher nAb titres induced by S-2P-based vaccine rather than by wild-type S in NHPs; induction of high TH1 cell responses but low TH2 cell responses in NHPs | Phase III | NCT04505722, ISRCTN14722499 | 30 Jul 2020 | |
RBD | |||||||
Protein subunit (Baculovirus/Sf9) | RBD (residues 319–545) | West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China | Induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in mice, rabbits and NHPs; induction of both TH1 and TH2 cell responses in mice | Phase II | ChiCTR2000039994 | 29 Jul 2020 | |
LNP-mRNA | RBD (residues 319–541) | PLA Academy of Military Sciences, with Walvax Biotech and Suzhou Abogen Biosciences, China | Induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in mice and NHPs; induction of high TH1 cell responses in mice and NHPs but low TH2 cell responses | Phase I | ChiCTR2000034112, ChiCTR2000039212 | 23 Jul 2020 | |
Protein subunit (CHO) | RBD-dimer (residues 319–537 as tandem repeat) | Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, with Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China | Induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in mice; no induction of either TH1 or TH2 cell responses in mice | Phase III | ChiCTR2000040153 | 28 Jun 2020 | |
LNP-mRNA | RBD-trimer (trimerized by addition of T4 fibritin foldon domain) | BioNTech, with Fosun Pharma and Pfizer, Germany | Induction of RBD-specific IgG and nAbs in humans, with nAb titres higher than convalescent plasma; induction of high TH1 cell responses but low TH2 cell responses in humans | Phase I/II | 2020-001038-36, ChiCTR2000034825, NCT04537949 | 12 Aug 2020 | |
