Abstract
Dark matter cannot be observed directly, but its weak gravitational lensing slightly distorts the apparent shapes of background galaxies, making weak lensing one of the most promising probes of cosmology. Several observational studies have measured the effect, and there are currently running1,2 and planned efforts3,4 to provide even larger and higher-resolution weak lensing maps. Owing to nonlinearities on small scales, the traditional analysis with two-point statistics does not fully capture all of the underlying information5. Multiple inference methods have been proposed to extract more details based on higher-order statistics6,7, peak statistics8,9,10,11,12,13, Minkowski functionals14,15,16 and recently convolutional neural networks17,18. Here we present an improved convolutional neural network that gives significantly better estimates of the Ωm and σ8 cosmological parameters from simulated weak lensing convergence maps than state-of-art methods and that is also free of systematic bias. We show that the network exploits information in the gradients around peaks, and with this insight we have constructed an easy-to-understand and robust peak-counting algorithm based on the steepness of peaks, instead of their heights. The proposed scheme is even more accurate than the neural network on high-resolution noiseless maps. With shape noise and lower resolution, its relative advantage deteriorates, but it remains more accurate than peak counting.
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Data availability
The data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary via grant OTKA NN 114560 and the National Quantum Technologies Program. The authors thank Z. Haiman and J. M. Z Matilla for making available the simulated weak lensing maps used in this study.
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I.C., D.R. and B.A.P. contributed to the conception and design of the study; B.A.P. performed the training and evaluation of neural networks; D.R. conducted the experiments with peak steepness. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Ribli, D., Pataki, B.Á. & Csabai, I. An improved cosmological parameter inference scheme motivated by deep learning . Nat Astron 3, 93–98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0596-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0596-8
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