Changes in seafloor topography, resulting from tectonic, magmatic and sedimentary processes, influence Arctic and global climate via a multitude of impacts on ocean pathways and energetics. This Review explores the past and present links between Arctic bathymetry, tectonics, oceans and climate.

Marine fisheries and aquaculture support global food security. This Review considers how fishery and aquaculture activities influence marine nutrient dynamics and trophic structure, with implications for biogeochemical cycles from local to global scales.

Nucleation and growth of Earth’s solid inner core has a crucial role powering the geomagnetic field. This Review explores the timing and mechanisms of inner core growth consistent with physical constraints and first-order observations of the thermal evolution of Earth.

Atmospheric rivers provide the majority of water vapour transport to the high latitudes. This Review summarizes Antarctic atmospheric river dynamics and climatology and discusses their impacts on the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet.